2016，The famous historian Mr. Guan Wenfa passed away in Guangzhou due to illness，Aged 86 years old。Mr. Guan is from Nanhai, Guangdong，Born in 1931，Graduated from Wuhan University in the 1950s，After staying in school to teach，Long-term undergraduate student、Graduate students and advanced training teachers offer courses such as "General History of China", "Special Topics in the History of the Ming and Qing Dynasties", "Summary of Historical Records of the Ming and Qing Dynasties" and "History of the Political System of the Ming and Qing Dynasties"，Later also served as administrative leader，Working at his alma mater for thirty years，For the teaching reform of the History Department of Wuhan University、Making important contributions to the construction of teachers and discipline development。Returned to his hometown of Guangzhou in his later years，Served as a senior professor at the School of History and Culture of South China Normal University and a member of the academic committee of the school、Consultant and other positions of the Guangdong Chinese Society for Social and Economic History。Mr. is a dignified and steady man，Care for junior students，Not seeking glory，Concentrate on learning，Won the praise of academic circles。This year marks the 90th anniversary of my husband’s birth，I would like to write this article as a tribute to my husband。

Mr. Guan devoted his life to the study of Chinese history，bet365 live online casino Especially proficient in Ming and Qing history。Politics in the Ming and Qing Dynasties、Economy、Military、Involved in and made achievements in various fields of culture，The most research on the history of the political system of the Ming Dynasty，The greatest impact。His representative works include the papers "On the Formation and Development of the Cabinet System in the Ming Dynasty", "On the Governor-General in the Ming Dynasty", and "A Study of the Hanlin System in the Ming Dynasty"，Writers include "Research on the Political System of the Ming Dynasty" etc.。

Cabinet、Governor、Hanlin，It is the three important political systems of the Ming Dynasty。Especially Cabinet、The governor system was founded in the Ming Dynasty，Although the Hanlin system was created in the Tang Dynasty，But there were major changes in the Ming Dynasty，The three are the cornerstones of the political construction of the Ming Dynasty。Study the functions of the three in Ming Dynasty politics、Function、Status and development，Is the key to correctly interpreting and understanding the politics of the Ming Dynasty。As Mr. Guan pointed out in "Research on the Political System of the Ming Dynasty": "Both the central political system and the local political system in the Ming Dynasty；Whether it is the official system or the official system；Whether it is the national monitoring system or the management system of officials at all levels，There have been many new and major changes。In particular, the abolition of the prime minister system and the cabinet system that have been followed for more than a thousand years、The successive creation of governors and governors；‘No one who is not a Jinshi will enter the Imperial Academy，The establishment of the official appointment system in which those who are not members of the Imperial Academy will not be admitted to the cabinet'，And the corresponding bet365 live online casino shujishi system、Guanzheng Jinshi System、The formation of the imperial examination system, etc.，All of them have distinctive characteristics of the times，And it had a huge impact on the development of the political system of the Qing Dynasty after that、Direct impact，Thus occupying a very important position in the history of Chinese political system。”

In the study of the cabinet system，Mr. Guan’s question on the timing of the establishment of the cabinet system in the Ming Dynasty，Proposed the "Yongle Theory"。Academic circles have different views on the timing of the formation of the Ming Dynasty cabinet，There is orthodoxy - the theory of the formation of righteousness，There is even a theory that the first assistant appeared as late as Jiajing-Wanli period，Mr. Guan thinks，There was a germination of the cabinet system in the Ming Dynasty、Formation and development process，Cannot use voting or chief minister as mature functions of the cabinet、The appearance of the position，As a sign of the formation of the cabinet。Proposed by Mr. Guan，The Hongwu period was the germination period of the cabinet system in the Ming Dynasty，"The palace positions established by the Hongwu Dynasty，Although it is not yet institutionalized in the organizational structure，Its role has not been fully utilized，But from the perspective of the development of things，It has marked the beginning of the emergence of the cabinet system in the Ming Dynasty”。The Yongle period was the period when the cabinet system of the Ming Dynasty was formed，Its logo has three aspects。The first is "Start from Yongle，A large number of cabinet ministers have joined the inner court，…thus beginning to form a relatively stable mechanism in the center”，“This means that the cabinet serves as the central mechanism，It has changed from the unstable type of Hongwu Dynasty to permanent construction"。The second is the establishment Bet365 betting website of cabinet functions，"The main responsibility of the cabinet minister has been clarified as 'participating in aircraft maintenance'，In other words, he participated in the decision-making of the central military and state affairs to varying degrees”。Third, the name of the cabinet is established，Also found in historical books。The development of the Ming Dynasty cabinet to its peak can be roughly classified as Renxuan、Orthodoxy to Zhengde、Three periods from Jiajing to Wanli"。Through meticulous research，Mr. Guan clarified many important issues in the study of the Ming Dynasty cabinet。Mr. Nan Bingwen, a famous expert on Ming history, spoke highly of this，I think Mr. Guan’s research results，"For the first time, the emergence of the cabinet system in the Ming Dynasty was clearly described、Formation、The whole process of development and decline”，"Shows the author's extraordinary powers of observation"，“In the sense of academic innovation，Undoubtedly, this is a valuable and important contribution，In terms of the ability to solve historical problems，It is also an extremely generous act that is hard to compare with”。

In the study of the governor system in the Ming Dynasty，Mr. Guan focused on solving three problems。The first is about the formation of governors in the Ming Dynasty，Mr. Guan strives to reject the old theory，Proposed that the Ming Dynasty governor system was formed in Xuanzong。Mr. Guan pointed out: “The governor as a system should have a premise，That is, specializing in one place and appointed officials have relative stability，That is, the special design and setting of the governor。If we use this as a symbol to measure，We believe that the basic formation of the governor system in the Ming Dynasty should be during the Xuanzong period。”The second is about the formation time of the governor-general Bet365 Poker system，Mr. Guan pointed out: "It should be between the Jingtai and Chenghua years，The symbol is the successive establishment of the Governor-General of Guangdong and Guangxi and the Trilateral General System。”The third is about the institutional ownership and historical role of governors and governors。Mr. Guan denies the traditional view that governors in the Ming Dynasty belonged to court officials rather than local officials，Point out that the governors of the Ming Dynasty had the characteristic of transitioning from the status of court officials to local officials。Compared with the typical governor system of the Qing Dynasty，The governor system of the Ming Dynasty has three obvious characteristics: from the perspective of "jurisdictional scope，Although it has not yet been fully standardized，But it is divided into provinces，Establishing supervision across provinces，By the Jiajing period, it had been basically finalized”；“From the perspective of the responsibilities and powers of the governor and governor，They have gone from simply representing the central government to supervising local officials，Develop into the leader，The Third Division of Temperance，Thus breaking through the local political structure of "separation of three departments" in the early Ming Dynasty，And the difference from the patrol censors sent by the Metropolitan Procuratorate is becoming more and more obvious，So much so that the patrol censor turned against the governor (especially the governor)，Monitor like other local officials。After the general setting of governors in various places，Although they all have constitutional titles，But its functions have been transformed from central officials to local officials"；“Judging from the tenure of governors and governors，Removed from short-term temporary deployment，Develop into bet365 casino blackjack a permanent resident，Kaifu Homeownership；Change from temporary setting to default setting、Specially designed。This situation started from the Xuande Dynasty，It lasted until the Wanli Dynasty without any change"。All this explains，In the Ming Dynasty, governors already had the functions and characteristics of local officials，Indicates that the governor setting is transitioning to a permanent local management system，It’s just about the standardization of the system、Stabilization needs to be improved，The study of this topic has important reference value for a comprehensive understanding of the Ming Dynasty's laws and regulations。

The Hanlin system was founded in the Tang Dynasty，But major changes occurred in the Ming Dynasty，Traditional research focuses more on Hanlin documents、Consultation and Talent Recruitment、Education function，Mr. Guan related it to the major changes in the political system of the Ming Dynasty、The formation of the cabinet is linked to its development，Revealing the characteristics of the Hanlin system in the Ming Dynasty。Mr. Guan pointed out，The relationship between Hanlin and the cabinet，Mainly reflected in three aspects: "Looking from the perspective of one's job，Preparation of advisors and imperial edicts for cabinet ministers，This is the inherent responsibility of a Hanlin bachelor，...hence the establishment of the initial number of Grand Masters，In terms of organizational form，is the value of Hanchen；In terms of responsibility，It is a division and extension of the original powers of Hanlin officials”；"From the perspective of members，Not only did most of the cabinet ministers in the Ming Dynasty come directly from Hanlin，And after they were appointed to the cabinet，Not completely separated from Hanlin”；"From the official office、Watch on mobile version，Bet365 betting website Wenyuan Pavilion valued by cabinet ministers，It has always been the place where the imperial government stores ancient and modern classics and atlases，Always under the control of the Hanlin Academy"。Mr. Guan also revealed another important feature of the Hanlin system in the Ming Dynasty - opening up a path for those who entered the imperial examination to be selected as shujishi by Jinshi，Erda Yu Hanlin、The path of ministers。Revealing the connection between Hanlin and the shujishi system fully reflects Mr. Guan’s broad historical vision and proficiency in the Ming Dynasty canons。

The famous historian Mr. Ye Xian'en once commented: "These three monographs are closely linked，Conducted an in-depth investigation of several major political systems of the Ming Dynasty，Exploring the details and seeking the truth，Deep analysis，Peel the bamboo shoots layer by layer，Stand to the point，Shows Mr. Guan’s profound ability in institutional history research，This established Mr. Guan’s important position in the field of Ming history research。”

Source:http://www.whb.cn/zhuzhan/liping/20210916/424177.html